Energy-Based Hierarchical Clustering of Cortical Slow Waves in Multi-Electrode Recordings

The recent development of novel multi-electrode recording technologies has revealed the existence of traveling patterns of cortical activity in many species and under different states of awareness. Among these, slow activation waves occurring under sleep and anesthesia have been widely investigated as they provide unique insights into network features such as excitability, connectivity, structure, and dynamics of the cerebral cortex. Such characterization is usually based on clustering methods which are constrained by a priori assumptions as to the number of clusters to be used or rely on wave-by-wave pattern reconstruction. Here, we introduce a new computational tool based on modal analysis of fluid flows which is robustly applied to multivariate electrophysiological data from cortical networks, namely the Energy-based Hierarchical Waves Clustering method (EHWC). EHWC is composed of three main steps: (1) detecting the occurrence of global waves; (2) reducing the data dimensionality via singular value decomposition; (3) clustering hierarchically the singled-out waves. The analysis does not require the single-channel contribution to the waves, which is a typical bottleneck in this kind of analysis due to the unavoidable intrinsic variability of locally recorded activity. For testing and validation, here we used in vivo extracellular recordings from mice cortex under three different levels of anesthesia. As a result, we found slow waves with an increasing number of propagation modes as the anesthesia level decreases, giving an estimate of the increasing complexity of network dynamics. This and other wave's features replicate and extend the findings from previous literature, paving the way to extend the same approach to non-invasive electrophysiological recordings like EEG and fMRI used clinically for the characterization of brain dynamics and clinical stratification in brain lesions.