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Related Concept Videos

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
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Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias01:29

Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias

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Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per...
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Cardiac Action Potential01:30

Cardiac Action Potential

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Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials
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Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

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Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
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Capacitor in an AC Circuit01:23

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A capacitor is charged by passing an electric current through it, which causes the plates to start accumulating an electrostatic charge. Since the strength of the charging current is maximum when the capacitor plates are uncharged and gradually decreases exponentially until the capacitor is fully charged, the charging process is neither instantaneous nor linear. The property of a capacitor to store a charge on its plates is called its capacitance.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 10, 2025

A Model of Long-Term Ventricular Fibrillation in Isolated Rat Hearts
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Ventricular Fibrillation Threshold vs Alternating Current Shock Duration.

Mark W Kroll, Dorin Panescu, Peter E Perkins

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |December 11, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A new rational function model accurately describes ventricular fibrillation threshold current versus duration data. This finding offers a potential update to the International Electrotechnical Commission 60479-1 standard for electrical safety.

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    Area of Science:

    • Electrical Engineering
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Physiology

    Background:

    • International safety limits for electrical currents are based on IEC 60479-1.
    • The current standard utilizes a 1980s plot of current vs. shock duration, which has been influential but may have areas for improvement.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an updated model for ventricular fibrillation threshold current versus duration.
    • To assess the suitability of a rational function model for existing animal study data.

    Main Methods:

    • A systematic search was conducted for animal studies examining ventricular fibrillation threshold.
    • Six studies with forelimb to hindlimb electrical stimulation and at least three tested durations were included.
    • Data were normalized, and a rational function model was applied to the threshold current and duration data.

    Main Results:

    • A rational function model demonstrated a strong fit to the animal data (r² = .96).
    • Correlation analysis of log-transformed threshold values also yielded a high correlation (r² = .94).

    Conclusions:

    • Existing data on ventricular fibrillation threshold current versus duration can be effectively modeled using a simple rational function.
    • This updated model offers a potential improvement for the International Electrotechnical Commission 60479-1 standard.