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A wave propagates through a medium with a constant speed, known as a wave velocity. It is different from the speed of the particles of the medium, which is not constant. In addition, the velocity of the medium is perpendicular to the velocity of the wave. The variable speed of the particles of the medium implies that there must be acceleration associated with it. 
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To calculate other physical quantities in kinematics, the time variable must be introduced. The time variable not only allows us to state where an object is (its position) during its motion, but also how fast it’s moving. The speed at which an object is moving is given by the rate at which the position changes with time. For each position, a particular time is assigned. If the details of the motion at each instant are not important, the rate is usually expressed as the average velocity v.
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To calculate the other physical quantities in kinematics, we must introduce the time variable. The time variable allows us not only to state the position of the object during its motion, but also how fast it is moving. The speed at which an object is moving is given by the rate at which the position changes with time. For each position xi, we assign a particular time ti. If the details of the motion at each instant are not important, the rate is usually expressed as the average velocity. This...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 10, 2025

Visually Based Characterization of the Incipient Particle Motion in Regular Substrates: From Laminar to Turbulent Conditions
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Modified Regularized Wavelength Average Velocity Estimator for normal excitation setup.

C Valeria Leon, Stefano E Romero, Sebastian Merino

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |December 11, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    A modified Regularized Wavelength Average Velocity Estimator (RWm) improves shear wave speed estimation in ultrasound elastography. This technique shows potential for accurate tissue stiffness characterization and tumor differentiation in medical applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Ultrasound elastography
    • Biomedical imaging
    • Medical physics

    Background:

    • Crawling Waves Sonoelastography (CWS) estimates Shear Wave Speed (SWS) for tissue characterization.
    • Current SWS algorithms often require opposing vibration sources, posing geometrical challenges.
    • Previous methods like Phase Derivative are limited by artifacts in SWS mapping.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To modify and evaluate the Regularized Wavelength Average Velocity Estimator (R-WAVE) for normal wave propagation in ultrasound elastography.
    • To assess the performance of the modified RWm technique in simulations and phantom experiments.
    • To demonstrate the potential of RWm for in vivo tissue characterization and tumor differentiation.

    Main Methods:

    • Modification of the Regularized Wavelength Average Velocity Estimator (R-WAVE) for normal wave propagation.
    • Evaluation using heterogeneous simulations and phantom experiments.
    • Comparison with the Phase Derivative (PDm) method.

    Main Results:

    • RWm demonstrated lower maximum bias (10.21%) compared to PDm (11.64%) in simulations.
    • RWm achieved higher maximum Contrast-to-Noise Ratio (CNR) (44.42 dB) than PDm (37.82 dB) in simulations.
    • Phantom experiments showed comparable bias (RWm: 13.99%, PDm: 15.42%) and superior CNR for RWm (26.40 dB vs. 24.14 dB).

    Conclusions:

    • The modified RWm technique provides consistent and improved SWS estimation compared to previous methods.
    • RWm shows significant potential for accurate tissue stiffness characterization.
    • This technique can aid in differentiating benign from malignant tumors in clinical settings.