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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Knee Joint01:23

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 10, 2025

Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis
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Lower limb prosthesis: Optimization by lattice and four-bar polycentric knee.

Enrique Contreras-Tenorio, Ilse Kardasch-Nava, Shazer Gonzalez de Salceda

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |December 11, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study developed a low-cost transfemoral prosthesis for amputees, utilizing advanced modeling and simulation techniques. The optimized design aims to restore mobility and independence for individuals with diabetes-related lower limb loss.

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    A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study
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    A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Rehabilitation Science

    Background:

    • Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of lower limb amputations, significantly impacting patient independence and quality of life.
    • The development of affordable and functional lower limb prostheses is crucial for restoring mobility in amputees.
    • Transfemoral prostheses require precise kinematic and dynamic modeling for effective gait restoration.

    Observation:

    • A transfemoral prosthesis was designed for a 47-year-old male patient (100kg, 1.80m).
    • The knee joint's four-bar mechanism was kinematically modeled using the Denavit-Hartenberg method.
    • Gait analysis and knee angle curves were calculated using OpenSim software.

    Findings:

    • The prosthesis components were designed using Autodesk Fusion 360 and optimized with lattice structures in Creo.
    • Material selection was performed using CES EduPack.
    • Stress simulations were conducted in Ansys to validate the structural integrity of the prosthesis.

    Implications:

    • The developed transfemoral prosthesis offers a potentially low-cost solution for diabetic amputees.
    • This research contributes to advancements in prosthetic design and biomechanical analysis.
    • Successful implementation can enhance patient mobility, independence, and overall well-being.