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Sociability as a personality trait in animals: methods, causes and consequences.

Lizzy A Gartland1, Josh A Firth2, Kate L Laskowski3

  • 1School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, U.K.

Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
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PubMed
Summary

Animal personality research reveals consistent individual differences in sociability, influenced by genetics and environment. Understanding these variations is key to social behavior studies and has implications for human disorders.

Keywords:
behavioural syndromesbehavioural typescollective behaviourdivision of labourpersonality variationrepeatabilitysocial networkssocial structuresocialitytemperament

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Ecology
  • Animal Personality Research
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Sociability is a major axis of animal personality, alongside aggressiveness and boldness.
  • Individual variation in social behavior is crucial for understanding social networks and collective behavior.
  • Research on animal sociability offers insights into human social behavior disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current knowledge on inter-individual variation in animal sociability.
  • To explore the proximate mechanisms and evolutionary maintenance of sociability.
  • To integrate findings from animal personality, social networks, and collective behavior research.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review across various animal taxa (primates to invertebrates).
  • Inclusion of studies from both laboratory and field settings.
  • Analysis of research on genetics, neuroscience, physiology, and ecological factors influencing sociability.

Main Results:

  • Sociability correlates with other behavioral traits, but results are mixed and context-dependent (e.g., sex, body condition, environment).
  • Proximate mechanisms (genes, neurochemistry, social interactions, environment) significantly influence sociability.
  • Evolutionary theories like shifting costs/benefits and the social niche hypothesis explain variation maintenance.

Conclusions:

  • Knowledge on sociability is skewed towards proximate mechanisms; evolutionary aspects require more research.
  • Integrating social network and collective behavior approaches enhances understanding of animal personality.
  • Further research should bridge the gap between proximate and ultimate explanations for sociability variation.