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Updated: Oct 10, 2025

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
Published on: May 25, 2017
Pain killers: the interplay between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and Clostridioides difficile infection
Joshua Soto Ocaña1, Nile U Bayard2, Joseph P Zackular1
1Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
Abstract:
Clostridioides difficile is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections worldwide. Increases in incidence, severity, and healthcare cost associated with C. difficile infection (CDI) have made this pathogen an urgent public health threat worldwide. The factors shaping the evolving epidemiology of CDI and impacting clinical outcomes of infection are not well understood, but involve tripartite interactions between the host, microbiota, and C. difficile. In addition to this, emerging data suggests an underappreciated role for environmental factors, such as diet and pharmaceutical drugs, in CDI. In this review, we discuss the role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and eicosanoids in CDI.
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