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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Exosomes01:36

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
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Exocytosis00:50

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Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Vesicular transport is a cellular process that encompasses the engulfment of particles or dissolved substances by cells. It involves endocytosis, transcytosis, and exocytosis.
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Characterizing Extracellular Vesicles from Biological Fluids
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Exosomes, extracellular vesicles and the eye.

Dhanwini Rudraprasad1, Aadish Rawat2, Joveeta Joseph3

  • 1Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India.

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Exosomes, tiny vesicles carrying biomolecules, are crucial in cell communication and disease. Their role in eye diseases offers new diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities for vision-threatening conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Exosomes and extracellular vesicle research.
  • Ophthalmology and visual system science.
  • Biomolecular and cellular biology.

Background:

  • Exosomes are extracellular vesicles containing diverse biomolecules, mediating cellular functions like communication and differentiation.
  • Exosomes play roles in various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.
  • Ocular diseases present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to symptom delays and sampling difficulties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of exosomes in visual systems.
  • To explore advancements in exosome and ophthalmic research.
  • To discuss the potential of exosomes in diagnosing and treating ocular diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of exosome functions and roles in ocular diseases.
  • Analysis of exosomal cargos for diagnostic markers.
  • Evaluation of engineered exosomes for targeted therapeutics.

Main Results:

  • Exosomes facilitate intercellular communication and are implicated in disease pathogenesis.
  • Unique exosomal cargos can serve as diagnostic markers for various conditions.
  • Engineered exosomes show promise for targeted therapeutic delivery with reduced immunogenicity.

Conclusions:

  • Exosomes hold significant potential for advancing the diagnosis and treatment of sight-threatening ocular diseases.
  • Further research into exosome-based therapies could revolutionize personalized medicine for eye conditions.
  • Exosomes offer a promising avenue for addressing unmet needs in ophthalmology.