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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
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Origin and evolution of HIV-1 subtype A6.

Syed Hani Abidi1, Lazzat Aibekova2, Salima Davlidova3

  • 1Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.

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Summary

HIV subtype A6, prevalent in Former Soviet Union (FSU) countries, likely originated from African HIV subtype A1. This genetic analysis reveals the evolutionary path of A6 and its spread beyond the FSU region.

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Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3
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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Epidemiology
  • Phylogenetics

Background:

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) outbreaks in Former Soviet Union (FSU) countries involved the AFSU variant, now classified as HIV subtype A6.
  • Understanding the evolutionary origins of HIV subtypes is crucial for public health interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the evolutionary relationship between HIV subtype A6 and other subtype A sub-subtypes.
  • To investigate the origins and diversification of HIV-1 subtype A6 within the FSU context.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses using Maximum Likelihood.
  • Analysis of 553 full-length reverse transcriptase, 5961 pol, and 3959 env HIV-1 sequences.
  • Signature mutation analysis to identify genetic similarities.

Main Results:

  • HIV-1 subtype A6 likely originated from the African subtype A1.
  • Shared signature mutations in pol and env genes indicate genetic similarity between A6 and A1.
  • The estimated time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) for A6 was 1975, 15 years after A1.

Conclusions:

  • HIV-1 subtype A6 in FSU countries evolved from the African subtype A1.
  • The study provides insights into the diversification and spread of HIV subtype A6.
  • Evidence suggests subtype A6 is spreading beyond the FSU region.