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Updated: Oct 10, 2025

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure
Published on: February 8, 2022
Ventricular septal defect with pulmonary atresia: approaches, results, prognosticators and current status
1Department of Cardiac Surgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, East Prescot Road, Liverpool, Merseyside L14 3AB UK.
Abstract:
Ventricular septal defect with pulmonary atresia and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries is a complex congenital cardiac anomaly with a wide spectrum of anatomical variations. Akin to the same, the management options are also very diverse ranging from aggressive single-stage repair with unifocalisation to surgical palliation and/or staged repair and also heart transplant. There is no consensus on the best management option. This review aims at highlighting the various surgical options and proposing a management pathway suited for the subcontinent patients.
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