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Post-marketing surveillance is a critical component of pharmaceutical regulation, often uncovering unanticipated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) once a drug is widely used over an extended period.
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A contingency table provides a way of portraying data that can facilitate calculating probabilities. It is a method of displaying a frequency distribution as a table with rows and columns to show how two variables may be dependent (contingent) upon each other; The table helps determine conditional probabilities quite quickly and can help systematically organize, analyze and quantify data. The table displays sample values concerning two variables that may be dependent or contingent on one...
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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If the frequency distribution of a data set is more inclined towards smaller or larger values, the distribution is said to be skewed. If data values are skewed to the right, then the distribution is called positively skewed. Conversely, if the plot is skewed to the left, the distribution is called negatively skewed.
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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to manage and optimize therapy. TDM is crucial for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, like warfarin and phenytoin, where incorrect doses can lead to treatment failure or severe side effects. This monitoring ensures the dosage administered is within a safe and effective range. The factors affecting therapeutic drug monitoring include:Patient-Specific Factors:a.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 10, 2025

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Data Mining on COVID-19 Vaccines: Side Effects.

Jing You1, Nagma Shaik2, Haihua Chen2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering University of North Texas USA.

Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology. Association for Information Science and Technology
|December 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

COVID-19 vaccination is crucial for pandemic control. Analysis of Twitter data reveals vaccine side effects are generally mild and manageable, with Pfizer being widely used and the common cold being the most reported side effect.

Keywords:
COVID‐19 vaccinesN‐gramTwitterkeyword extractionside effects

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic necessitates effective control measures, with vaccination being paramount.
  • Numerous COVID-19 vaccines have been developed and deployed globally.
  • Social media platforms like Twitter serve as a source for public vaccine feedback.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze and quantify COVID-19 vaccine side effects using Twitter data.
  • To provide a brand-wise and country-wise comparison of vaccine side effects.
  • To assess the overall safety and public perception of COVID-19 vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Twitter data to track and analyze self-reported vaccine side effects.
  • Quantified side effect occurrences on a per-individual basis.
  • Categorized and compared side effects by vaccine brand and country.

Main Results:

  • The United States reported the highest number of vaccinations.
  • Pfizer emerged as the most frequently used vaccine brand globally.
  • The common cold was identified as the most prevalent reported side effect.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 vaccine side effects are generally controllable and acceptable.
  • Public confidence in vaccination is supported by manageable side effect profiles.
  • Individuals are encouraged to participate in vaccination programs without hesitation.