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Related Concept Videos

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

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Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
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Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
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Reaction Yield

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The theoretical yield of a reaction is the amount of product estimated to form based on the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation. The theoretical yield assumes the complete conversion of the limiting reactant into the desired product. The amount of product that is obtained by performing the reaction is called the actual yield, and it may be less than or (very rarely) equal to the theoretical yield.
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ATP Yield

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Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain (ETC), 4 ATP are gained beforehand (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle).
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Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes02:35

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

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In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
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Techniques for the Evolution of Robust Pentose-fermenting Yeast for Bioconversion of Lignocellulose to Ethanol
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Ethanol yield calculations in biorefineries.

Pamela Magalí Bermejo1, Alberto Badino2, Luciano Zamberlan3

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Summary

Calculating ethanol yield on sugar during fermentation requires careful consideration. Different methods yield varying results, potentially overestimating efficiency in industrial settings like Brazilian sugarcane biorefineries.

Keywords:
alcoholic fermentationethanol yieldfuel ethanol productionindustrial biotechnologysugarcane biorefinery

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Industrial Microbiology

Background:

  • Ethanol yield on sugar is a critical parameter in alcoholic fermentation for biofuels.
  • Current industrial calculation methods yield dissimilar results, leading to potential overestimations.
  • Academic researchers often lack detailed insights into industrial ethanol yield calculations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the diverse interpretations of ethanol yield on sugar in academic and industrial settings.
  • To highlight discrepancies in ethanol yield calculations, particularly in Brazilian sugarcane biorefineries.
  • To foster better understanding and interaction between academic and industrial fermentation professionals.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of ethanol yield calculation methodologies.
  • Review of industrial practices in Brazilian sugarcane biorefineries.
  • Discussion based on the methodology proposed by Pereira et al. (2018).

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests consistent overestimation of ethanol yield in Brazilian sugarcane biorefineries.
  • Discrepancies between academic and industrial calculation methods are significant.
  • A need for standardized and accurate ethanol yield calculation is evident.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate ethanol yield calculation is crucial for optimizing industrial bioprocesses.
  • Demystifying calculation methods can bridge the gap between academia and industry.
  • Standardized approaches are necessary to ensure reliable efficiency assessments in fuel ethanol production.