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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Updated: Oct 10, 2025

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
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Modeling human T1D-associated autoimmune processes.

Mohsen Khosravi-Maharlooei1, Rachel Madley1, Chiara Borsotti2

  • 1Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.

Molecular Metabolism
|December 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Animal models offer insights into Type 1 diabetes (T1D) but lack human heterogeneity. Human immune system (HIS) mice provide a more relevant in vivo system for studying T1D pathogenesis and therapies.

Keywords:
AutoimmunityBeta cell destructionDisease modelingHumanized miceIn vitro modelsType 1 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease involving immune intolerance to beta-cell antigens and progressive destruction of insulin-producing cells.
  • Human T1D exhibits significant heterogeneity due to genetic and environmental factors, leading to distinct patient endotypes.
  • Existing animal models provide insights but do not fully capture the complexity of human T1D.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the utility of animal models in understanding T1D immune system involvement and regulation.
  • To describe current models and their applications in T1D research.
  • To discuss limitations of current models and propose improvements for physiological relevance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on animal models for Type 1 Diabetes research.
  • Analysis of how these models address specific scientific questions related to T1D pathogenesis.
  • Evaluation of the limitations of current models, particularly regarding the human immune system (HIS) in xenogeneic hosts.

Main Results:

  • Animal models have elucidated aspects of immune system involvement in T1D.
  • Various models have been developed, each addressing distinct scientific questions.
  • A key limitation is the challenge of accurately replicating the human immune system in non-human models.

Conclusions:

  • Developing models that closely mimic human physiological conditions is crucial for understanding T1D.
  • Microphysiological systems and tissue slices offer partial recapitulation.
  • Human immune system (HIS) mice represent a significant advancement for in vivo studies, enabling more extensive analyses.