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Related Concept Videos

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Management of Insomnia

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The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...
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Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings during the night, and waking up too early without being able to return to sleep. People with insomnia often experience these disruptions at least three nights a week for at least one month. Chronic insomnia, which lasts for at least three months, can lead to increased anxiety, which in turn can worsen sleep difficulties, creating a cycle of sleeplessness and stress.
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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Insufficient sleep refers to not getting the recommended amount of sleep for optimal functioning, even if it's just slightly less than needed. Sleep insufficiency may occur due to lifestyle choices, such as staying up late for social events or work, resulting in routinely getting less sleep than required. For example, consistently sleeping 6 hours when the body needs 7-9 hours can lead to cumulative effects on health and well-being.
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Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

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Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
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Functional connectivity changes in insomnia disorder: A systematic review.

Elisabetta Fasiello1, Maurizio Gorgoni1, Serena Scarpelli1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Sapienza - University of Rome, Rome, Italy.

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Insomnia (ID) is linked to disrupted brain functional connectivity (FC), affecting sleep, cognition, and emotion. More standardized research is needed to fully understand the complex pathophysiology of insomnia.

Keywords:
Functional connectivityHyperarousalInsomnia disorderNode-based analysesRSNsVoxel-based analysesfMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Insomnia (ID) is a prevalent sleep disorder with incompletely understood pathogenetic mechanisms.
  • A multifactorial perspective viewing ID as a disorder of interregional neuronal coordination is beneficial.
  • Functional connectivity (FC) analysis offers insights into the neural correlates of ID symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review empirical evidence on resting-state functional connectivity (FC) changes in individuals with insomnia (ID).
  • To synthesize current findings on the neural underpinnings of ID symptoms through FC alterations.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 31 studies including 1052 participants with ID.
  • Analysis focused on resting-state functional connectivity (FC) alterations in ID.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests impaired intra- and inter-hemispheric interactions within key resting-state networks in ID.
  • A disrupted brain functional connectome organization is associated with ID, impacting sleep, cognition, emotion, and memory.
  • Significant methodological heterogeneity and limitations were identified across studies.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support a disrupted brain connectome in ID, contributing to symptomology.
  • Methodological inconsistencies hinder a definitive understanding of ID pathophysiology.
  • Future research requires standardized designs for robust evidence on ID pathophysiology.