Taxic Homology = Overall Similarity

Modified three-taxon analysis (m3ta), a method in which three-taxon statements are produced from a nonadditive binary coding of the original data, has been proposed as a model-free way of assessing monophyly of groups, utilizing the taxic concept of homology. In fact the taxic concept amounts to a model, and, further, one that seems to conflict directly with evolution. M3ta is a type of grouping by all similarities and, like all such methods, would require a clock assumption if the tree were to be interpreted phylogenetically. Groupings based on this method, consequently, are phenetic, and they have little to do with monophyly. It has been proposed to define phylogenetic systematics in terms of grouping only by presences. While popular among advocates of 3ta, such definitions are completely inadequate, both because absences may be apomorphic and because phenetic methods can disagree with phylogenetic ones even when no absences are involved.