Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 10, 2025

Generating Strictly Controlled Stimuli for Figure Recognition Experiments
Published on: March 18, 2019
Measuring Topological Congruence by Extending Character Techniques
1Department of Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York, 10024.
Abstract:
A measure of topological congruence which is an extension of the Mickevich-Farris character incongruence metric (i.e., ILD; Mickevich and Farris, 1981) is proposed. Group inclusion characters (1 = member of a clade; 0 = not a member) are constructed for each topology to be considered. The sets of characters derived from the topologies are then compared for character incongruence due to data set combination. Each homoplasy signifies a disagreement among topological statements. The value is normalized for potential maximum incongruence to adjust values for unresolved topologies. This measure is compared to other topological and character congruence techniques and explored in test data.
Related Concept Videos
Methods of Obtaining Topography
Design Example: Measuring Distance Between Two Points with Obstructions
Vector Algebra: Graphical Method
We use the laws of geometry to construct resultant vectors, followed by trigonometry to find vector magnitudes and directions. For a geometric construction of the sum of two vectors in a plane, we follow the parallelogram rule. Suppose two vectors are at arbitrary positions. Translate either one of...
Symmetric Member in Bending
Second Uniqueness Theorem
In contrast, consider that the electric field is non-unique and apply Gauss's law in divergence form in the region between the conductors and the integral form to the...
Coordination Number and Geometry

