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Asymmetry and Explanations.

James S Farris1, Mari Källersjö1

  • 1Molekylärsystematiska laboratoriet, Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Box 50007, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.

Cladistics : the International Journal of the Willi Hennig Society
|December 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Phylogenetic tree asymmetry is evident in real data, contrary to previous claims. Removing poorly supported groups reveals significant asymmetry in actual evolutionary trees, not just random data.

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Phylogenetics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Previous research suggested phylogenetic trees from random data exhibit asymmetry, implying real data provides little evidence for evolutionary asymmetry.
  • This argument relied on retaining poorly supported groups within cladistic analysis, potentially inflating perceived asymmetry in random datasets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the evidence for phylogenetic asymmetry in real biological data.
  • To test whether asymmetry persists in real cladograms after accounting for support levels of clades.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of cladograms derived from real biological datasets.
  • Application of parsimony jackknifing to assess clade support and remove poorly supported groups.
  • Comparison of asymmetry patterns between real data and randomly generated matrices.

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Main Results:

  • After removing poorly supported groups using parsimony jackknifing, real datasets consistently show significant phylogenetic asymmetry.
  • Randomly generated matrices, when analyzed similarly, primarily yield unresolved trees rather than strongly asymmetric ones.
  • This contrasts with earlier findings that relied on including weakly supported clades.

Conclusions:

  • Real biological data provides substantial evidence for asymmetry in phylogeny.
  • The previous argument against phylogenetic asymmetry is invalidated by accounting for clade support.
  • Parsimony jackknifing is crucial for accurately assessing phylogenetic asymmetry in evolutionary studies.