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Related Concept Videos

Impact01:30

Impact

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Impact occurs when two bodies collide, leading to the application of impulsive forces between them. Analyzing impact mechanics involves considering two colliding particles moving along a line known as the line of impact, which passes through their centers and is perpendicular to the contact plane.
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As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
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Most solids and liquids are incompressible—their densities remain constant throughout. In the presence of an external force, the molecules tend to restore to their original positions, which is only possible because the constituents interact. The interactions help the constituents pass on information about external disturbances, like sound waves. Therefore, sound waves travel faster through these media. Compared to solids, the constituents in a liquid are less tightly bound. Thus, sound...
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Impacts can be classified in various forms, primarily under two subgroups: central impact and oblique impact. A central impact occurs when two objects collide head-on, possessing opposite velocities aligned along the line of impact. Conversely, an oblique impact occurs when two objects collide at an angle, resulting in a modification of both direction and velocity.
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Cavitation upon low-speed solid-liquid impact.

Nathan B Speirs1, Kenneth R Langley2, Zhao Pan3

  • 1Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia. nathanspeirs@gmail.com.

Nature Communications
|December 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Solid objects impacting liquids can cause cavitation due to negative pressure waves, even at low speeds. This study introduces a new cavitation number to predict this phenomenon in solid-liquid impacts.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Physics of impacts
  • Material science

Background:

  • Classical studies predict infinite pressure during flat solid-liquid impacts.
  • Real-world observations and previous research indicate high pressures at impact sites.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the possibility of cavitation during low-speed solid-liquid impacts.
  • Challenge the assumption of universally high pressures in such scenarios.
  • Develop a predictive model for cavitation onset.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental setup involving a flat-bottomed cylinder impacting a liquid pool.
  • Analysis of pressure dynamics and wave propagation during impact.
  • Development of a novel cavitation number based on experimental data.

Main Results:

  • Observed cavitation at impact velocities as low as ~3 m/s.
  • Demonstrated that impacting cylinders can reduce local pressure, inducing cavitation.
  • Identified negative pressure regions formed by reflected pressure waves.

Conclusions:

  • Low-speed solid-liquid impacts can lead to cavitation, contrary to classical predictions.
  • The proposed cavitation number effectively predicts cavitation onset in these scenarios.
  • Findings have implications for understanding impacts in diverse applications like boat slamming and spacecraft landings.