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Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
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Clinical Manifestations:
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Updated: Oct 10, 2025

Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets
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Hepatopulmonary syndrome: An update.

Kejal D Gandhi1, Pahnwat Tonya Taweesedt2, Munish Sharma2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center/Georgetown University, Washigton, DC 20010, United States.

World Journal of Hepatology
|December 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) causes oxygenation defects due to liver disease complications. Liver transplantation (LT) offers the only definitive treatment, significantly improving survival rates for HPS patients.

Keywords:
Chronic liver diseaseHepatopulmonary syndromeHypoxemiaIntrapulmonary vasodilatationLiver failure

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Hepatology
  • Cardiovascular Research

Background:

  • Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) involves lung vascular issues linked to chronic liver disease, portal hypertension, or shunts.
  • While liver disease effects are known, HPS's impact on lungs and increased mortality risk are often overlooked.
  • HPS is a serious complication of chronic liver disease, significantly impacting patient survival.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the definition, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS).
  • To highlight the association between HPS in chronic liver disease and increased mortality.
  • To discuss the limited efficacy of current medical therapies and the definitive role of liver transplantation (LT) for HPS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS).
  • Analysis of clinical implications of portal hypertension on pulmonary function.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic criteria and management strategies for HPS.

Main Results:

  • HPS is defined by intra-pulmonary vasodilation leading to impaired oxygenation.
  • Chronic liver disease with HPS is associated with significantly higher mortality rates.
  • Liver transplantation (LT) is the only proven effective treatment, drastically improving survival.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a severe complication of liver disease requiring specialized management.
  • Early diagnosis and consideration of liver transplantation (LT) are crucial for improving outcomes in HPS patients.
  • Further research into medical therapies for HPS may be warranted, but LT remains the definitive solution.