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The problem with "the Paleoptera Problem:" sense and sensitivity.

T Heath Ogden1, Michael F Whiting1

  • 1Department of Integrative Biology, Brigham Young University, 401 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602-5255, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phylogenetic analysis of winged insects remains challenging. New molecular data suggest relationships among mayflies, dragonflies, and other winged insects are unclear, questioning previous findings.

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Area of Science:

  • * Insect phylogeny and evolution
  • * Molecular systematics
  • * Zoology

Background:

  • * The monophyly of winged insects (Pterygota) is established.
  • * Phylogenetic relationships among basal pterygote lineages, specifically Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Odonata (dragonflies), and Neoptera, are poorly understood.
  • * Understanding these relationships is crucial for deciphering insect diversification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To re-evaluate the monophyly of Paleoptera (Ephemeroptera + Odonata).
  • * To test previous molecular findings suggesting Paleoptera monophyly.
  • * To clarify the phylogenetic position of basal winged insect lineages.

Main Methods:

  • * Molecular phylogenetic analyses using sequence data from 18SrDNA, 28S rDNA, and Histone 3 genes.
  • * Inclusion of a broad selection of taxa.
  • * Application of a wide range of analytical methodologies and alignment parameters.

Main Results:

  • * The monophyly of Paleoptera was not consistently supported across different analytical conditions.
  • * Previous molecular conclusions supporting Paleoptera monophyly were found to be sensitive to specific alignment parameters.
  • * Current molecular data ambiguously resolve the relationships among the three basal winged insect lineages (Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Neoptera).

Conclusions:

  • * The monophyly of Paleoptera is not independently confirmed by the analyzed molecular data.
  • * Morphological data supporting Odonata + Neoptera monophyly are not corroborated by this molecular study.
  • * Further research with more comprehensive data is needed to resolve basal winged insect phylogeny.