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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

24
In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
24
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

17
In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
17
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

15
Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
15
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

15
Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
15
Analysis of Population Pharmacokinetic Data01:12

Analysis of Population Pharmacokinetic Data

423
Analysis of population pharmacokinetic data involves studying the behavior of drugs within diverse populations to understand their pharmacokinetic parameters. Traditional pharmacokinetic methods typically involve collecting samples from a few individuals and estimating these parameters. While these methods are commonly used, they have limitations in capturing the variability in drug response among individuals or heterogeneous populations. Population pharmacokinetics is employed to address these...
423
Dosage Regimens: Partial Pharmacokinetic Parameters01:01

Dosage Regimens: Partial Pharmacokinetic Parameters

14
It is not uncommon for complete drug pharmacokinetic profiles to remain elusive in pharmacokinetics. This necessitates certain educated assumptions by pharmacokineticists to determine appropriate dosage regimens without comprehensive pharmacokinetic data from animal or human studies. One prevalent assumption is setting the bioavailability factor, denoted as F, to 1 or 100%. This assumption caters to the scenario where a drug doesn't achieve full systemic absorption, resulting in the patient...
14

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Pharmacogenomic testing in paediatrics: Clinical implementation strategies.

Charlotte I S Barker1,2, Gabriella Groeneweg3,4, Anke H Maitland-van der Zee5

  • 1Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK.

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|December 15, 2021
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Pharmacogenomics (PGx) improves paediatric drug safety and efficacy by analyzing genetic factors. Wider implementation requires more evidence, international collaboration, and education to optimize children's medication.

Keywords:
childrenpersonalised medicinepharmacogeneticsprecision medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Paediatric Pharmacology
  • Drug Response Variability

Background:

  • Pharmacogenomics (PGx) studies genetic influences on drug response, crucial for optimizing paediatric medication.
  • Current PGx implementation in children is limited due to challenges in paediatric research, including small patient numbers and off-label prescribing.
  • Extrapolation from adult PGx studies is often necessary for paediatric clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the relevance of pharmacogenomics in paediatrics.
  • To discuss strategies for implementing PGx testing in child health.
  • To provide examples of PGx implementation from different healthcare systems.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on pharmacogenomics in paediatric populations.
  • Analysis of implementation strategies and challenges in Canada, the Netherlands, and the UK.
  • Discussion of extrapolation of adult PGx data to children.

Main Results:

  • Paediatric PGx testing can enhance drug safety and efficacy but faces significant implementation barriers.
  • Successful implementation strategies vary across different healthcare systems.
  • International collaboration and robust evidence generation are key.

Conclusions:

  • Improving the evidence base for clinical utility and cost-effectiveness is critical for paediatric PGx adoption.
  • International, interdisciplinary collaborations are essential for data collation and evidence curation.
  • Dedicated educational initiatives and research networks are vital for advancing paediatric pharmacotherapy through PGx.