Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Teeth01:15

Teeth

875
The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
875
Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

1.2K
The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...
1.2K
The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

45.0K
Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
45.0K
Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

29.5K
Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
29.5K
The Fossil Record02:56

The Fossil Record

26.1K
The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms never become fossils. Moreover, the fossil record only exhibits fossils that have been discovered. Nevertheless, sedimentary rock fossils of long-lived, abundant, hard-bodied organisms dominate the fossil record. These fossils offer valuable information, such as an organism's physical form, behavior, and age. Studying the fossil record helps...
26.1K
What is Evolutionary History?02:35

What is Evolutionary History?

40.7K
Scientists record evolutionary history by analyzing fossil, morphological, and genetic data. The fossil record documents the history of life on Earth and provides evidence for evolution. However, both fossil and living organisms offer evidence that outlines Earth’s evolutionary history.
40.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

New Insights About Early Tongue Teeth Development in the Salmon Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Anatomia, histologia, embryologia·2026
Same author

Hox-A2 protein expression in avian jaws cartilages and muscle primordia development.

Morphologie : bulletin de l'Association des anatomistes·2024
Same author

Hox-A2 protein expression in mouse embryo middle ear ossicles.

Morphologie : bulletin de l'Association des anatomistes·2018
Same author

Expression of Msx1 and Dlx1 during Dumbo rat head development: Correlation with morphological features.

Genetics and molecular biology·2011
Same author

[Early treatment with rapid palatal expander and 3D Quad Action mandibular appliance: evaluation of a comprehensive approach in 22 patients].

L' Orthodontie francaise·2008
Same author

HSP110, caspase-3 and -9 expression in physiological apoptosis and apoptosis induced by in vivo embryonic exposition to all-trans retinoic acid or irradiation during early mouse eye development.

Journal of anatomy·2007

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 10, 2025

Assessing Species-specific Contributions To Craniofacial Development Using Quail-duck Chimeras
09:38

Assessing Species-specific Contributions To Craniofacial Development Using Quail-duck Chimeras

Published on: May 31, 2014

11.1K

Evolution and development of parrot pseudoteeth.

Stéphane Louryan1, Myriam Choa-Duterre1, Marie Lejong1

  • 1Laboratoire d'Anatomie, Biomécanique et Organogenèse (LABO), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté de Médecine, Brussels, Belgium.

Journal of Morphology
|December 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Parrot embryos develop unique beak appendages called pseudoteeth, resembling early teeth and scales. These structures share developmental pathways with mammalian teeth, indicating conserved vertebrate gene expression for odontode development.

Keywords:
BMP4PAX9PITX2SHHbeakembryofeathergeneodontodesscale

More Related Videos

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology
07:26

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

Published on: August 22, 2022

1.6K
The Slice Culture Method for Following Development of Tooth Germs In Explant Culture
07:47

The Slice Culture Method for Following Development of Tooth Germs In Explant Culture

Published on: November 13, 2013

14.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 10, 2025

Assessing Species-specific Contributions To Craniofacial Development Using Quail-duck Chimeras
09:38

Assessing Species-specific Contributions To Craniofacial Development Using Quail-duck Chimeras

Published on: May 31, 2014

11.1K
Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology
07:26

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

Published on: August 22, 2022

1.6K
The Slice Culture Method for Following Development of Tooth Germs In Explant Culture
07:47

The Slice Culture Method for Following Development of Tooth Germs In Explant Culture

Published on: November 13, 2013

14.3K

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Comparative Anatomy

Background:

  • Parrot embryos exhibit unique beak structures termed pseudoteeth.
  • The developmental origins and evolutionary significance of these pseudoteeth remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental patterns of parrot pseudoteeth.
  • To compare pseudoteeth development with known vertebrate dental and appendage formation.

Main Methods:

  • Histology and microtomography of parrot embryos.
  • Immunohistochemistry for proteins involved in mammalian tooth development (e.g., SHH, BMP4, PITX2, PAX9).

Main Results:

  • Parrot pseudoteeth develop via epithelial and mesenchymal evagination, similar to scales and feathers.
  • No enamel was observed; adult pseudoteeth are bone evaginations covered by the rhamphotheca.
  • Expression of key odontogenesis proteins (SHH, BMP4, PITX2, PAX9) was detected in pseudoteeth rudiments.

Conclusions:

  • Parrot pseudoteeth development involves conserved gene networks shared with mammalian odontogenesis.
  • These findings suggest a common genetic basis for odontode derivatives across diverse vertebrate species.
  • The study offers insights into the evolution of beak structures and dental appendages.