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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

723
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

1.5K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

6.9K
Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
6.9K
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

7.9K
The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
7.9K
Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

5.1K
Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
Cancer stem cells are thought to originate from tissue-specific normal stem cells or progenitor cells. The normal stem cells usually reside in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 10, 2025

Tumor Transplantation for Assessing the Dynamics of Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+ T Cells in Mice
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Tumor Transplantation for Assessing the Dynamics of Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+ T Cells in Mice

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Tfh cells set the stage for tumor control.

Cecile King1

  • 1School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2033, Australia.

Immunity
|December 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The gut microbiome influences cancer and immunotherapy response. Helicobacter hepaticus-specific T follicular helper cells are crucial for controlling colorectal cancer growth.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiome research
  • Cancer biology

Background:

  • The gut microbiome plays a critical role in cancer development and response to immunotherapy.
  • Understanding specific microbial interactions is key to harnessing immune responses against cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the immunogenic bacterium Helicobacter hepaticus (Hhep) in the immune response to colorectal cancer.
  • To determine if T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are involved in Hhep-mediated anti-tumor immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized mouse models of colorectal cancer.
  • Administered Helicobacter hepaticus (Hhep).
  • Analyzed T follicular helper (Tfh) cell populations and their antigen specificity.

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Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells
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Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells

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Isolation and Characterization of Tumor-initiating Cells from Sarcoma Patient-derived Xenografts
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Isolation and Characterization of Tumor-initiating Cells from Sarcoma Patient-derived Xenografts

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Last Updated: Oct 10, 2025

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Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells
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Isolation and Characterization of Tumor-initiating Cells from Sarcoma Patient-derived Xenografts
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Main Results:

  • Helicobacter hepaticus (Hhep) colonization enhanced anti-tumor immunity.
  • T follicular helper (Tfh) cells specific for Hhep antigens were identified.
  • Depletion of these Hhep-specific Tfh cells impaired tumor control.

Conclusions:

  • T follicular helper (Tfh) cells recognizing Helicobacter hepaticus (Hhep) antigens are essential for controlling colorectal tumor growth.
  • Targeting Hhep-specific Tfh cells may represent a novel immunotherapy strategy for colorectal cancer.