Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The effect of 12 weeks of combined aerobic-resistance training on adropin as a mediator of arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.

BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation·2026

Same author

Cognitive and Neuroanatomical Effects of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Polymorphism rs324420 in Aging and Alzheimer Disease.

Alzheimer disease and associated disorders·2026

Same author

Effectiveness and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor initiation in sacubitril-valsartan users with heart failure: a population-based cohort study.

European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy·2026

Same author

Exploring the Perspectives of People With Stroke on Exercise During Rehabilitation: A Qualitative Descriptive Study Focused on Aerobic Exercise Participation.

Brain & NeuroRehabilitation·2026

Same author

Cardiovascular risk factors and vascular neuropathological findings in primary age-related tauopathy versus Alzheimer's disease.

GeroScience·2026

Same author

Drug Development.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 9, 2025

Author Spotlight: Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients With a Digital Occupational Training System

Author Spotlight: Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients With a Digital Occupational Training System

Published on: December 29, 2023

Associations Between Time After Stroke and Exercise Training Outcomes: A Meta-Regression Analysis.

Susan Marzolini^1,2,3,4, Che-Yuan Wu^5,6, Rowaida Hussein⁷

¹KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network Toronto ON Canada.

Journal of the American Heart Association

|December 16, 2021

Summary

Starting exercise soon after stroke, within 3 to 6 months, significantly improves mobility outcomes like walking distance and speed. Early intervention is key for better post-stroke recovery and functional gains.

Keywords:

balance cardiorespiratory fitness exercise training mobility rehabilitation stroke recovery

More Related Videos

Determining the Functional Status of the Corticospinal Tract Within One Week of Stroke

Determining the Functional Status of the Corticospinal Tract Within One Week of Stroke

Published on: February 22, 2020

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Published on: September 20, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 9, 2025

Author Spotlight: Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients With a Digital Occupational Training System

Author Spotlight: Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients With a Digital Occupational Training System

Published on: December 29, 2023

Determining the Functional Status of the Corticospinal Tract Within One Week of Stroke

Determining the Functional Status of the Corticospinal Tract Within One Week of Stroke

Published on: February 22, 2020

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Published on: September 20, 2020

Area of Science:

Neurology
Rehabilitation Medicine
Exercise Science

Background:

Knowledge gaps exist regarding the optimal timing of exercise interventions post-stroke.
This limits clinicians' ability to provide precise guidance on rehabilitation timelines.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between time elapsed after stroke and the effectiveness of exercise training interventions.
To determine how early initiation of exercise impacts mobility, cardiorespiratory fitness, and balance.

Main Methods:

A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of 148 studies in post-stroke populations.
Examined time after stroke (≤3 vs >3 months; ≤6 vs >6 months) and its impact on 6-minute walk distance, 10-meter walk time, cardiorespiratory fitness, and Berg Balance Scale score (BBS).
Analyses were adjusted for baseline values, age, sex, and exercise parameters.

Main Results:

Earlier exercise initiation (≤3 months post-stroke) was associated with greater improvements in 6-minute walk distance, 10-meter walk time (comfortable and fast).
No significant association was found with cardiorespiratory fitness, though a small improvement in BBS was noted for early initiation.
In controlled studies, early initiation (≤3 or ≤6 months) showed significant improvements in 6-minute walk distance.

Conclusions:

Initiating exercise within 3 to 6 months after stroke may offer clinically meaningful benefits for mobility outcomes.
Early exercise intervention appears particularly beneficial for improving walking ability post-stroke.