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Related Concept Videos

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
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Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
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RNA Structure01:19

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The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
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Transfer RNA Synthesis02:35

Transfer RNA Synthesis

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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 9, 2025

Large-scale Production of Recombinant RNAs on a Circular Scaffold Using a Viroid-derived System in Escherichia coli
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Circular RNA: Biosynthesis in vitro.

Xinjie Chen1, Yuan Lu1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
|December 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are novel noncoding molecules with diverse cellular roles and medical potential. This review details in vitro synthesis methods and discusses challenges and future directions for circRNA applications.

Keywords:
RNA synthesiscircular RNAenzymatic ligationin vitro transcriptionligasepermuted intron-exon

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Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism
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Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

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Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 9, 2025

Large-scale Production of Recombinant RNAs on a Circular Scaffold Using a Viroid-derived System in Escherichia coli
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Large-scale Production of Recombinant RNAs on a Circular Scaffold Using a Viroid-derived System in Escherichia coli

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Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism
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Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

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Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing
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Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Circular RNA (circRNA) is a distinct class of noncoding RNA.
  • Unlike linear RNA, circRNAs feature a covalently closed circular structure formed via backsplicing.
  • circRNAs perform various cellular functions, including acting as miRNA/protein sponges and mRNA regulators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the in vitro synthesis of circular RNAs (circRNAs).
  • To highlight biological ligation methods for circRNA production.
  • To summarize current challenges and future prospects in circRNA research and applications.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on enzymatic ligation using bacteriophage T4.
  • Exploration of the ribozyme method for circRNA synthesis.
  • Discussion of in vitro synthesis strategies.

Main Results:

  • Detailed illustration of in vitro circRNA synthesis pathways.
  • Identification of key biological ligation techniques.
  • Summary of challenges in circRNA design, synthesis, and production.

Conclusions:

  • circRNAs possess significant potential in basic research and medical applications like vaccines and gene therapy.
  • Overcoming current synthesis and production challenges is crucial for advancing circRNA technology.
  • Future research should focus on optimizing circRNA production and expanding its therapeutic uses.