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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 9, 2025

Author Spotlight: Optimizing Apoplast Protein Extraction for Efficient Recovery of Recombinant Proteins from Plant Cells
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Plant-Based Systems for Vaccine Production.

Mattia Santoni1,2, Elisa Gecchele2, Roberta Zampieri2

  • 1Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|December 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Plants offer safe, scalable, and rapid production of therapeutic proteins. This study details a method for producing a subunit vaccine candidate in Nicotiana benthamiana plants using transient expression, covering cultivation to purification.

Keywords:
BiofactoriesBiopharmaceuticalDesign-of-experimentDownstream processingMolecular farmingNicotiana benthamianaTransient expression

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Plants have been utilized as biofactories for recombinant protein production since 1983.
  • Plant-based systems offer advantages in safety, scalability, and speed for therapeutic protein development compared to traditional platforms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a method for expressing and producing a candidate subunit vaccine in Nicotiana benthamiana plants.
  • To detail protocols for transient expression, from plant cultivation to recombinant protein purification.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing Nicotiana benthamiana plants for transient expression.
  • Implementing a comprehensive protocol covering plant cultivation, protein expression, and purification.

Main Results:

  • Successfully established a method for producing a candidate subunit vaccine in a plant system.
  • Defined protocols for the entire production process, ensuring feasibility from cultivation to purification.

Conclusions:

  • Nicotiana benthamiana is a viable platform for the transient expression and production of subunit vaccine candidates.
  • The described method provides a scalable and efficient approach for plant-based biopharmaceutical development.