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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

45.8K
Overview
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Developments in Vaccine Adjuvants.

Farrhana Ziana Firdaus1, Mariusz Skwarczynski1, Istvan Toth2,3,4

  • 1School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|December 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vaccines need adjuvants to boost immune responses. This review covers common adjuvants like alum and MF59, their mechanisms, and new discoveries in adjuvant development for enhanced vaccine efficacy.

Keywords:
AdjuvantsDelivery systemsImmune stimulatorsInnate and adaptive immunityNanoparticlesSubunit vaccinesVaccination

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Subunit, recombinant, and conjugate vaccines necessitate immunostimulators/adjuvants for optimal efficacy.
  • Adjuvants are crucial for amplifying the magnitude and duration of immune responses.
  • Adjuvants can also modulate the qualitative aspects of the immune response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review currently available adjuvants for human vaccines.
  • To discuss the composition, characteristics, and mechanisms of action of key adjuvants.
  • To explore emerging trends and novel candidates in adjuvant discovery.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of human vaccine adjuvants.
  • Detailed discussion of established adjuvants (alum, MF59, AS03, AS01).
  • Overview of novel adjuvant classes and research directions.

Main Results:

  • Established adjuvants like alum, MF59, AS03, and AS01 are effective in enhancing vaccine-induced immunity.
  • Understanding adjuvant composition and mechanism is key to their function.
  • Ongoing research is exploring diverse new adjuvant platforms.

Conclusions:

  • Adjuvants are indispensable components of modern vaccine formulations.
  • A comprehensive understanding of adjuvant science is vital for developing next-generation vaccines.
  • Continued innovation in adjuvant discovery promises to improve vaccine effectiveness and broaden applications.