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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Drug Products: Biologics, Biosimilars and Interchangeables

Drug Products: Biologics, Biosimilars and Interchangeables

Body:Biologics, derived from living sources such as humans, animals, or microorganisms, represent a significant category of pharmaceuticals. These complex molecules, developed through advanced biotechnological methods or purified from natural sources, include essential medical treatments like insulin and growth hormones. The complexity of biologics arises from their large molecular structures and the intricate processes required for their production, making them distinct from conventional...

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...

Bioequivalence studies: Biowaivers

Bioequivalence studies: Biowaivers

Body:In certain scenarios, in vitro dissolution tests can replace in vivo bioequivalence studies. This is particularly true when a drug product, though available in varying strengths, maintains proportional similarity in its active and inactive ingredients. In such cases, the need for in vivo bioequivalence studies for lower strength variants may be waived, provided dissolution tests and in vivo studies on the highest strength yield satisfactory results.Bioequivalence can be indicated through...

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 9, 2025

Efficient Transfection of In vitro Transcribed mRNA in Cultured Cells Using Peptide-Poloxamine Nanoparticles

Efficient Transfection of In vitro Transcribed mRNA in Cultured Cells Using Peptide-Poloxamine Nanoparticles

Published on: August 17, 2022

Vaccine Intellectual Property.

Ana Santos Rutschman¹, Joshua D Sarnoff², Timothy L Wiemken³

¹Saint Louis University School of Law, St. Louis, MO, USA. ana.rutschman@slu.edu.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|December 17, 2021

Summary

This study examines patents for existing vaccines. We mapped the intellectual property landscape to understand vaccine innovation and accessibility.

Keywords:

Affordable access Immunization Patent U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Vaccine technology World Health Organization

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Efficient Transfection of In vitro Transcribed mRNA in Cultured Cells Using Peptide-Poloxamine Nanoparticles

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Detection of Neutralization-sensitive Epitopes in Antigens Displayed on Virus-Like Particle VLP-Based Vaccines Using a Capture Assay

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Published on: February 10, 2022

Area of Science:

Vaccinology
Intellectual Property Law

Background:

The development of vaccines is crucial for global public health.
Understanding the patent landscape is essential for assessing vaccine innovation and accessibility.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the intellectual property (IP) landscape of currently available vaccines.
To focus on patent analysis within the vaccine sector.

Main Methods:

Patent landscape analysis.
Review of existing vaccine patents.

Main Results:

Identification of key patent holders in the vaccine market.
Analysis of patent trends and their implications for vaccine development.

Conclusions:

The patent landscape significantly influences vaccine research and development.
Further analysis is needed to understand the impact of IP on global vaccine access.