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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-lasting respiratory condition requiring continuous attention and care. It is a progressive lung disease that leads to breathing challenges due to airflow obstruction. It manifests as persistent respiratory symptoms and restricted airflow resulting from abnormalities in the airways and alveoli, usually due to long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases. COPD mainly consists of two primary conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.

Understanding the variety of primary symptoms and systemic complications that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial for healthcare professionals.
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Primary Symptoms of COPD:

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 9, 2025

Establishment of a Mouse Model with Cough Hypersensitivity via Inhalation of Citric Acid

Establishment of a Mouse Model with Cough Hypersensitivity via Inhalation of Citric Acid

Published on: January 10, 2025

Chronic Cough.

Karen Krüger¹, Felix Holzinger, Janina Trauth

¹Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals of Giessen and Marburg, Giessen site, Giessen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.

Deutsches Arzteblatt International

|December 17, 2021

Summary

The German guideline offers a stepwise, evidence-based approach for diagnosing and managing chronic cough, a common condition affecting 10% of adults. It emphasizes a patient-centered evaluation to identify underlying causes and guide effective treatment strategies.

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Last Updated: Oct 9, 2025

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Methods for Detecting Cough and Airway Inflammation in Mice

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Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Therapeutic Efficacy of Moving Cupping Along Meridians for Acute Exacerbation of COPD

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Published on: September 27, 2024

Area of Science:

Pulmonology
Clinical Practice Guidelines
Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

Chronic cough, defined as lasting over eight weeks, impacts 10% of the population and is a frequent reason for medical consultation.
Diagnosis is often complex and unstructured, necessitating standardized approaches.
The German Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute and Chronic Cough was updated in 2021 to provide a structured management protocol.

Purpose of the Study:

To present the updated German Clinical Practice Guideline for the management of chronic cough.
To outline a stepwise, patient-centered, and evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm.
To guide healthcare professionals in the evaluation and treatment of adult patients with chronic cough.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature review of international guidelines and systematic reviews.
Interdisciplinary development and formal consensus agreement on recommendations.
Focus on adult patients presenting with cough.

Main Results:

Recommended initial steps include detailed history (smoking, medications, relevant illnesses like COPD or asthma) and exclusion of red flags.
Diagnostic tests include chest X-ray and pulmonary function tests; ACE inhibitor use prompts a discontinuation trial.
Further investigations like CT scans are indicated for specific findings, while normal initial tests suggest empirical treatment for conditions like upper airway cough syndrome or cough-variant asthma.

Conclusions:

Chronic cough management requires a structured diagnostic algorithm and specialist collaboration.
Exhaustive testing of guideline-recommended treatments, like inhaled corticosteroids, is crucial.
Consideration of multifactorial causes and patient compliance is essential before labeling a cough as unexplained or intractable.