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Related Concept Videos

Ion-Exchange Chromatography01:09

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

893
Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
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Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
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Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Ionic Strength: Overview01:12

Ionic Strength: Overview

2.0K
The ionic strength of a solution is a quantitative way of expressing the total electrolyte concentration of a solution. This concept was first introduced in 1921 by two American physical chemists, Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, while describing the activity coefficient of strong electrolytes. During the calculation of ionic strength (I or μ), all the cations and anions are considered. However, the concentration (c) of an ion with a greater charge number (z) has a greater contribution...
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Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

88.8K
The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
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Updated: Oct 9, 2025

Measurement of Extracellular Ion Fluxes Using the Ion-selective Self-referencing Microelectrode Technique
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Specific Ion Effects in Different Media: Current Status and Future Challenges.

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Specific ion effects in bulk electrolyte solutions are not fully understood, despite insights from local interactions and electronic properties. Future research must address dynamic properties and concentration/solvent influences for technological applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Solution Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Specific ion effects (SIEs) are crucial in understanding ion behavior in solutions.
  • While solute and interfacial effects are studied, bulk electrolyte solutions present unique challenges.
  • Many underlying mechanisms of SIEs in simple media remain elusive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current research landscape of specific ion effects in various media.
  • To highlight the importance of local interactions and electronic properties in interpreting SIEs.
  • To identify future research challenges for a comprehensive understanding of SIEs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of theoretical, computational, and experimental studies.
  • Focus on bulk electrolyte solutions, excluding solute or interfacial effects.
  • Analysis of factors influencing ion behavior, including local interactions and electronic properties.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies emphasize the role of local interactions and electronic properties in explaining SIEs.
  • A more consistent interpretation of SIEs has emerged due to these insights.
  • Despite progress, a complete understanding of mechanisms in simple media is still lacking.

Conclusions:

  • A deeper understanding of specific ion effects is essential for technological applications.
  • Future research should investigate dynamic properties, varying concentrations, and solvent effects.
  • Addressing these challenges will lead to more robust theoretical and computational models for ion behavior.