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Related Concept Videos

Sample Size Calculation01:19

Sample Size Calculation

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Knowledge of the sample size is the first requirement to conduct random sampling or an experiment. The sample size is the total number of units, observations, or groups (in some cases) used to get the data to estimate a population parameter. As the name suggests, the sample size is that of the sample drawn from the population and differs from the population size.
The sample size for the given experiment or sampling effort is fundamental to any study design. Sample size decides the number of...
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One-Way ANOVA: Unequal Sample Sizes01:15

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One-way ANOVA can be performed on three or more samples of unequal sizes. However, calculations get complicated when sample sizes are not always the same. So, while performing ANOVA with unequal samples size, the following equation is used:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 9, 2025

Substantiating Appropriate Motion Capture Techniques for the Assessment of Nordic Walking Gait and Posture in Older Adults
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Sample size justifications in Gait & Posture.

Christopher McCrum1, Jorg van Beek1, Charlotte Schumacher1

  • 1Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Gait & Posture
|December 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers often neglect sample size justification. A new guideline increased justifications, but many lack detail. Transparency in sample size determination is crucial for study validity.

Keywords:
MetasciencePower analysisResourcesStatistical powerStudy design

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Gait Analysis
  • Movement Science

Background:

  • Determining appropriate sample size is critical for interpreting experimental results and assessing their value.
  • The journal Gait & Posture implemented a sample size justification requirement in its author guidelines between 2018 and 2019.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the frequency and methods of sample size justification in Gait & Posture research articles.
  • To determine if the journal's guideline requiring sample size justification impacted author practices.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic analysis of 324 articles from Gait & Posture, comparing pre-guideline (volumes 60-62) and post-guideline (volumes 84-86) publications.
  • Data extraction included article metadata and the presence/type of sample size justification, categorizing justifications into six types plus an 'Other' option.

Main Results:

  • Most authors in Gait & Posture articles did not provide sample size justification.
  • The introduction of the guideline correlated with a modest increase in justification rates, from 16.6% to 28.1%.
  • A priori power analysis was the most common justification method, yet often lacked sufficient detail for replication.

Conclusions:

  • Gait & Posture researchers need greater transparency in sample size determination to ensure suitability and enhance study rigor.
  • Journals and editors can improve reporting standards by implementing similar low-resource guidelines for sample size justification.