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Objectively Assessing Sports Concussion Utilizing Visual Evoked Potentials
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Development of a scale to measure expected concussion reporting behavior.

Emily Kroshus1,2, Sarah J Lowry3, Kimberly Garrett3

  • 1Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1920 Terry Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA. ekroshus@uw.edu.

Injury Epidemiology
|December 18, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A new scale measures youth athletes' expected concussion reporting behavior. Findings show less than a third of athletes would always report suspected concussions to their coach.

Keywords:
ConcussionExpected behaviorMeasure development

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Adolescent Health
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Concussion education often focuses on symptom reporting, but evaluating its effectiveness is challenging due to low injury frequency.
  • Measuring proximal cognitions, like expected reporting behavior, is crucial for evaluating concussion education programs.
  • No validated scales existed to measure expected concussion reporting behavior in youth athletes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a brief, single-factor scale to measure expected youth athlete concussion reporting behavior (CR-E).

Main Methods:

  • A mixed-methods approach involved cognitive interviews and quantitative analysis with youth athletes (ages 9-16).
  • Initial item pool refined through cognitive interviews (n=20).
  • Scale developed and validated using item reduction and confirmatory factor analysis on soccer and football players (n=291), with longitudinal validation (n=155).

Main Results:

  • The finalized 4-item Concussion Reporting Behavior-Expected (CR-E) scale demonstrated high internal consistency (alpha=0.89) and excellent model fit.
  • Validation tests supported the scale's hypothesized directions and feasibility.
  • Less than one-third of surveyed youth athletes indicated they would always report suspected concussion symptoms to their coach.

Conclusions:

  • The brief CR-E scale is a reliable and valid measure for assessing expected concussion reporting behavior in youth athletes.
  • This measure should be incorporated into future studies evaluating concussion education programs for young athletes.