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Related Concept Videos

Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of...
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Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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Ovaries01:26

Ovaries

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The ovaries are roughly the size of almonds and measure approximately 2 to 3 centimeters in length. These paired structures are situated within the pelvic region and are anchored by the mesovarium—a peritoneal extension that also connects them to the wider structure of the broad ligament. The support system extends to the suspensory ligament, housing blood and lymphatic vessels. In addition, the ovarian ligament tethers the ovaries to the uterus.
On the ovarian surface, a layer of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 9, 2025

Z-Scores for Assessing Ovarian Reserve in Young Patients Undergoing Fertility Preservation
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Z-Scores for Assessing Ovarian Reserve in Young Patients Undergoing Fertility Preservation

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Premature ovarian insufficiency.

Sinéad M McGlacken-Byrne1, Gerard S Conway1

  • 1Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
|December 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) disrupts ovarian function, impacting fertility and requiring a multidisciplinary approach. Understanding POI causes and treatments is crucial for managing this condition.

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) affects ovarian function, with diverse and often unknown causes.
  • POI can be a devastating diagnosis for adolescents and women desiring future fertility.
  • Known POI causes include genetic defects, autoimmune issues, and cancer therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of understanding POI pathogenesis.
  • To emphasize the need for contemporary hormone replacement and fertility preservation options.
  • To advocate for a multidisciplinary approach to POI management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on POI etiology and management.
  • Analysis of current reproductive, endocrine, and psychological support strategies.
Keywords:
FertilityHRTMeiosisOestradiolProgesterone

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  • Synthesis of expertise from reproductive medicine, endocrinology, psychology, and fertility specialists.

    • Main Results:

    • POI pathogenesis involves known and unknown pathological processes.
    • Effective management necessitates knowledge of contemporary hormone therapy and fertility options.
    • A multidisciplinary team is essential for comprehensive patient care.

    Conclusions:

    • Addressing POI requires a deep understanding of its underlying mechanisms.
    • Integrating reproductive, endocrine, and psychological care improves outcomes for POI patients.
    • Future research should focus on elucidating unknown POI causes and refining treatment strategies.