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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...

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Are we confident about operating on--or even inside--an inner ear that is still functional without having to fear that the patient will lose his residual hearing?

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
09:44

Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Published on: January 25, 2016

[Retrocochlear hearing disorders].

E Lehnhardt, A Mausolf

    HNO
    |November 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Diagnosing retrocochlear hearing impairment involves assessing tone decay, stapedius reflexes, and speech discrimination. Electrophysiological Auditory Response (ERA) findings, particularly brainstem responses, are key indicators of neural pathway disorders.

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    Last Updated: May 15, 2026

    Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
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    Published on: January 25, 2016

    Simple Surgical Induction of Conductive Hearing Loss with Verification Using Otoscope Visualization and Behavioral Clap Startle Response in Rat
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    Area of Science:

    • Audiology
    • Neuroscience
    • Otolaryngology

    Background:

    • Retrocochlear hearing impairment diagnosis relies on specific audiological tests.
    • Understanding neural pathway integrity is crucial for accurate diagnosis.

    Observation:

    • Abnormalities in tone decay, stapedius reflex, and dichotic speech discrimination suggest retrocochlear pathology.
    • Poor monosyllable discrimination with regressive understanding at high intensities can indicate neural or central lesions.

    Findings:

    • Electrophysiological Auditory Response (ERA) findings often reveal brainstem synchronization disorders, such as prolonged or absent J V-responses.
    • Cortical N1 responses correlate with subjective hearing thresholds, but impaired cortical function results in poorer N1 responses than expected.

    Implications:

    • ERA provides objective measures for diagnosing retrocochlear hearing loss.
    • Differentiating between cochlear and retrocochlear impairments is essential for appropriate management.
    • These diagnostic tools aid in identifying neural and central auditory processing disorders.