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Updated: Oct 9, 2025

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade
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Do Certain Flavonoid IMPS Have a Vital Function?

David S Seigler1, J Brent Friesen2,3,4,5, Jonathan Bisson2,3,4

  • 1Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.

Frontiers in Nutrition
|December 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Flavonoids, historically explored as Vitamin P, are diverse plant compounds. Research suggests multiple flavonoids, not a single one, fulfill this essential nutrient role in human health.

Keywords:
Vitamin CVitamin Pcofactorsflavonoidsinvalid metabolic panaceas (IMPS)micronutrientsvitamins

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Nutritional Science
  • Phytochemistry

Background:

  • Flavonoids are essential plant metabolites found in diverse food sources.
  • Early research identified plant extracts' superior Vitamin C activity, leading to the Vitamin P (permeability) concept.
  • Attempts to isolate Vitamin P were complicated by the complex nature of flavonoid mixtures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the historical Vitamin P concept in light of modern phytochemical understanding.
  • To explore the role of diverse flavonoids as essential nutrients.
  • To provide new research perspectives on plant-derived nutrients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of over 100 years of Vitamin P and C research.
  • Analysis of historical experimental data and meta-analysis findings (e.g., NAPRALERT).
  • Interpretation of past results considering the structural diversity and metabolic interconversion of flavonoids.

Main Results:

  • The complexity of flavonoid mixtures historically hindered the isolation of a single Vitamin P compound.
  • Many proposed Vitamin P candidates were identified as Invalid/Improbable/Interfering Metabolic Panaceas (IMPs).
  • Evidence supports that multiple, abundant, and metabolically labile plant constituents fulfill the essential role attributed to Vitamin P.

Conclusions:

  • The essential role in human nutrition is likely filled by a complex of flavonoids, not a single entity.
  • This complex acts at the crucial interface of vitamins, cofactors, and micronutrients.
  • Revisiting historical data offers new insights into the nutritional significance of plant bioactives.