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Updated: Oct 9, 2025
Isolation and Identification of Extravascular Immune Cells of the Heart
Published on: August 23, 2018
Identification of CALU and PALLD as Potential Biomarkers Associated With Immune Infiltration in Heart Failure
Xing Liu1, Shiyue Xu2, Ying Li3
1Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
Insights
This study identifies CALU and PALLD as potential biomarkers for heart failure (HF) due to ischemic cardiomyopathy. Lower levels of these proteins in blood correlate with increased immune cell infiltration, suggesting their role in HF pathogenesis.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular Research
- Immunology
- Biomarker Discovery
Background:
- Inflammatory activation and immune cell infiltration are key in heart failure (HF) pathogenesis.
- Ischemic cardiomyopathy (CM) is a major cause of HF, involving complex immune responses.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate immune infiltration patterns in HF patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.
- To identify novel diagnostic biomarkers associated with immune infiltration in this patient group.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of gene expression data from ischemic cardiomyopathy (CM) and non-heart failure (NF) samples.
- Identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and immune cell infiltration landscape using ssGSEA.
- Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify relevant gene modules.
- Validation of candidate biomarkers (CALU, PALLD) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
Main Results:
- 224 DEGs were identified, enriched in protein processing and extracellular matrix pathways.
- Increased infiltration of dendritic cells, mast cells, NK cells, and various T cell subsets was observed in CM.
- Calumenin (CALU) and palladin (PALLD) showed significant inverse correlation with pro-inflammatory immune cells and positive correlation with central memory T cells.
- CALU and PALLD mRNA levels were significantly lower in PBMCs from CM patients.
Conclusions:
- CALU and PALLD are significantly associated with altered immune cell infiltration in heart failure due to ischemic cardiomyopathy.
- These proteins represent promising diagnostic biomarkers for immune-related HF.
- Further research into the functional role of CALU and PALLD in HF is warranted.
Abstract:
Background: Inflammatory activation and immune infiltration play important roles in the pathologic process of heart failure (HF). The current study is designed to investigate the immune infiltration and identify related biomarkers in heart failure patients due to ischemic cardiomyopathy. Methods: Expression data of HF due to ischemic cardiomyopathy (CM) samples and non-heart failure (NF) samples were downloaded from gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CM and NF samples were identified. Single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was performed to explore the landscape of immune infiltration. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to screen the most relevant module associated with immune infiltration. The diagnostic values of candidate genes were evaluated by receiver operating curves (ROC) curves. The mRNA levels of potential biomarkers in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from 10 CM patients and 10 NF patients were analyzed to further assess their diagnostic values. Results: A total of 224 DEGs were identified between CM and NF samples in GSE5406, which are mainly enriched in the protein processing and extracellular matrix related biological processes and pathways. The result of ssGSEA showed that the abundance of dendritic cells (DC), mast cells, natural killer (NK) CD56dim cells, T cells, T follicular helper cells (Tfh), gammadelta T cells (Tgd) and T helper 2 (Th2) cells were significantly higher, while the infiltration of eosinophils and central memory T cells (Tcm) were lower in CM samples compared to NF ones. Correlation analysis revealed that Calumenin (CALU) and palladin (PALLD) were negatively correlated with the abundance of DC, NK CD56dim cells, T cells, Tfh, Tgd and Th2 cells, but positively correlated with the level of Tcm. More importantly, CALU and PALLD were significantly lower in PBMCs from CM patients compared to NF ones. Conclusion: Our study revealed that CALU and PALLD are potential biomarkers associated with immune infiltration in heart failure due to ischemic cardiomyopathy.
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