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Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
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Methods for the Extraction of Endosymbionts from the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci
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Complex co-evolutionary relationships between cicadas and their symbionts.

Dandan Wang1,2, Zhi Huang2,3, Johan Billen4

  • 1Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.

Environmental Microbiology
|December 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Yeast-like fungal symbionts (YLS) independently infected cicada lineages, replacing Hodgkinia. Climate cooling likely drove YLS diversification in cicadas, shifting from entomopathogenic fungi.

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Area of Science:

  • * Insect-microbe symbiosis
  • * Evolutionary biology
  • * Fungal pathogenesis

Background:

  • * Cicadas (Cicadidae) often host bacterial symbionts like Hodgkinia.
  • * Some cicada lineages lack Hodgkinia and instead harbor yeast-like fungal symbionts (YLS).
  • * The evolutionary origins and diversification of YLS in cicadas remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the independent infection events of YLS in cicada lineages.
  • * To determine the evolutionary timing of YLS divergence relative to their cicada hosts.
  • * To explore the potential impact of climate change on the diversification of YLS and associated Ophiocordyceps fungi.

Main Methods:

  • * Phylogenetic analyses to infer the evolutionary history of YLS and cicada hosts.
  • * Divergence time estimation to correlate symbiont and host evolution with geological periods.
  • * Comparative analysis of symbiont replacement events and climate data.

Main Results:

  • * Evidence supports independent infections of YLS ancestors across different cicada lineages, not from a common ancestor.
  • * Five instances of Hodgkinia loss and YLS acquisition, plus seven YLS replacement events (Ophiocordyceps to Ophiocordyceps), were identified.
  • * YLS lineage divergence occurred after their respective cicada host lineages.
  • * Rapid diversification shifts in YLS and Ophiocordyceps began around 32.94 Ma and peaked around 24.82 Ma, coinciding with Eocene-Oligocene and Oligocene-Miocene climate cooling.

Conclusions:

  • * The pathogenic ancestor of YLS independently infected various cicada lineages.
  • * Cooling climate periods likely influenced cicada-Ophiocordyceps interactions, promoting YLS diversification.
  • * This study enhances understanding of YLS evolutionary transitions from entomopathogenic fungi to insect symbionts.