Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Principle of Equivalence01:18

Principle of Equivalence

2.3K
According to Albert Einstein (1897-1955), free-falling and feeling weightless are intrinsically linked. If a person were in free-fall under gravity, for example, diving towards the Earth from an airplane, they would feel completely weightless. Similarly, a person descending in a lift may feel partially weightless. Broadly speaking, it is assumed that an object in a uniform gravitational field and an object undergoing constant acceleration in the absence of gravity are under the same...
2.3K
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

423
Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
423
Impact of Schemas01:30

Impact of Schemas

25
Schemas are cognitive structures that provide a framework for interpreting and organizing social information. They help individuals navigate complex environments by offering expectations about people, events, and behaviors. Schemas influence attention, encoding, and retrieval processes, thereby shaping the entire trajectory of information processing in social contexts.Attention and Cognitive LoadDuring initial attention, schemas function as filters that prioritize schema-consistent information,...
25
Choosing Between z and t Distribution01:25

Choosing Between z and t Distribution

3.2K
The z and the Student t distribution estimate the population mean using the sample mean and standard deviation. However, to decide which distribution to use for a calculation, one needs to determine the sample size, the nature of the distribution, and whether the population standard deviation is known. If the population standard deviation is known and the population is normally distributed, or if the sample size is greater than 30, the z distribution is preferred. The Student t distribution is...
3.2K
Per-Unit Sequence Models01:26

Per-Unit Sequence Models

146
An ideal Y-Y transformer, grounded through neutral impedances, displays per-unit sequence networks akin to those of a single-phase ideal transformer when subjected to balanced positive- or negative-sequence currents. These currents do not produce neutral currents, and their associated voltage drops.
Zero-sequence currents, which are identical in magnitude and phase, generate a neutral current, resulting in voltage drops across the neutral impedance and the low-voltage winding. If the...
146
Encoding01:19

Encoding

286
Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
286

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

CHARACTER DEFINITIONS AND CHARACTER STATE DELINEATION: THE BETE NOIRE OF PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE.

Cladistics : the international journal of the Willi Hennig Society·2021
Same author

EVOLUTIONARY CHARACTER ANALYSIS: TRACING CHARACTER CHANGE ON A CLADOGRAM.

Cladistics : the international journal of the Willi Hennig Society·2021
Same author

On the Information Content of Classifications.

Cladistics : the international journal of the Willi Hennig Society·2021
Same author

EDITORIAL: THE FUTURE OF CLADISTICS.

Cladistics : the international journal of the Willi Hennig Society·2021
Same author

PARSIMONY JACKKNIFING OUTPERFORMS NEIGHBOR-JOINING.

Cladistics : the international journal of the Willi Hennig Society·2021
Same author

EXPLANATION.

Cladistics : the international journal of the Willi Hennig Society·2021

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 9, 2025

RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans
11:09

RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans

Published on: July 17, 2021

3.1K

PARSIMONY AND THE CHOICE BETWEEN DIFFERENT TRANSFORMATIONS FOR THE SAME CHARACTER SET.

M F Mickevich1, Diana Lipscomb2

  • 1Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, U.S.A.

Cladistics : the International Journal of the Willi Hennig Society
|December 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phylogeneticists prefer parsimonious hypotheses, minimizing ad hoc assumptions. This study introduces methods to assess multistate character transformations, identifying the most parsimonious by minimizing hierarchical discordance and scattering.

More Related Videos

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
08:12

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

2.6K
Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
07:34

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Published on: June 3, 2013

17.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 9, 2025

RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans
11:09

RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans

Published on: July 17, 2021

3.1K
A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
08:12

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

2.6K
Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
07:34

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Published on: June 3, 2013

17.5K

Area of Science:

  • Systematics
  • Phylogenetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Phylogeneticists select hypotheses based on parsimony, favoring those with the fewest ad hoc assumptions.
  • Homoplasy, a key challenge in phylogenetic analysis, is herein decomposed into hierarchical discordance and scattering for the first time.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce novel methods for assessing multistate character transformations in phylogenetic analysis.
  • To identify the most parsimonious transformation series by minimizing homoplasy and ad hoc assumptions.

Main Methods:

  • Decomposition of homoplasy into hierarchical discordance and scattering.
  • Comparison of transformation series to cladogram characters and nearest neighbor networks.
  • Utilizing microcomputer programs to generate cladogram characters and nearest neighbor matrices.

Main Results:

  • Established that neither consistency nor retention indices adequately assess multistate character transformation theories.
  • Demonstrated that transformations with maximal matches to cladogram characters and minimal nearest neighbor network complexity are most parsimonious.
  • Introduced a method for obtaining cladogram characters and nearest neighbor matrices via microcomputer programs.

Conclusions:

  • The most parsimonious transformation series are those that minimize ad hoc statements, hierarchical discordance, and scattering.
  • Nearest neighbor networks and cladogram characters provide superior metrics for evaluating transformation fits to phylogenetic trees.