Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

12.3K
One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
12.3K
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

13.6K
Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
13.6K
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

6.9K
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
6.9K
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

7.5K
The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA...
7.5K
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

252
Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
252
Nucleic acids02:43

Nucleic acids

177.3K
Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes,...
177.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effects of resistance-type and cycling-type high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness, lower-body strength, and anaerobic fitness.

Frontiers in physiology·2026
Same author

Understanding the Flotation Separation of Fluorite from Bayan Obo Deposits Using Phthalic Acid.

ACS omega·2026
Same author

TIFA: a signaling hub linking inflammation, innate immunity, and human disease.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

Subcellular metallomic networks orchestrate physiological outcomes: Single-cell mapping via an integrated SEM-FIB-TOF-SIMS platform.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Xylitol-NaCl complexes mitigate the thermal instability behaviour of liquid egg yolks: Effect on rheological properties, thermal aggregation and structural properties.

Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)·2026
Same author

Ultrafast Metrology through Nonlinear Plasmonic Metasurfaces.

Nano letters·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 9, 2025

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster
09:39

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: August 21, 2014

24.3K

Deciphering the tRNA-derived small RNAs: origin, development, and future.

Bowen Liu1, Jinling Cao2, Xiangyun Wang2

  • 1Research Center for Molecular Oncology and Functional Nucleic Acids, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China. liubowen309@163.com.

Cell Death & Disease
|December 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are emerging regulators in human diseases. This review details tsRNA biogenesis, function, and roles in immunity, metabolism, and malignancy, highlighting their therapeutic potential.

More Related Videos

MS2-Affinity Purification Coupled with RNA Sequencing in Gram-Positive Bacteria
08:34

MS2-Affinity Purification Coupled with RNA Sequencing in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Published on: February 23, 2021

7.0K
Improving Small RNA-seq: Less Bias and Better Detection of 2'-O-Methyl RNAs
08:49

Improving Small RNA-seq: Less Bias and Better Detection of 2'-O-Methyl RNAs

Published on: September 16, 2019

7.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 9, 2025

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster
09:39

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: August 21, 2014

24.3K
MS2-Affinity Purification Coupled with RNA Sequencing in Gram-Positive Bacteria
08:34

MS2-Affinity Purification Coupled with RNA Sequencing in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Published on: February 23, 2021

7.0K
Improving Small RNA-seq: Less Bias and Better Detection of 2'-O-Methyl RNAs
08:49

Improving Small RNA-seq: Less Bias and Better Detection of 2'-O-Methyl RNAs

Published on: September 16, 2019

7.8K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are a novel class of small noncoding RNAs generated from mature or precursor tRNAs.
  • While their involvement in human diseases is increasingly recognized, a comprehensive understanding of their biology remains limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the biogenesis, classification, subcellular localization, and mechanisms of action of tsRNAs.
  • To discuss the interplay between tRNA chemical modifications and tsRNA production/function.
  • To explore the roles of tsRNAs in immunity, metabolism, and malignancy, and their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on tsRNAs.
  • Analysis of publicly available tsRNA resource databases.
  • Discussion of molecular mechanisms underlying tsRNA involvement in disease pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of tsRNA generation pathways and functional mechanisms.
  • Elucidation of tsRNA involvement in key physiological and pathological processes, including immunity, metabolism, and cancer.
  • Identification of potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications for tsRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • tsRNAs represent a significant area of research with substantial implications for understanding and treating human diseases.
  • Further research is needed to overcome current challenges and fully harness the potential of tsRNAs in clinical settings.
  • The review compiles valuable resources for researchers in the field.