Hydration of TiO₂ Facets Regulates As(III) Adsorption: DFT and DRIFTS Study

Hydration of TiO₂ facets controls the reactions occurring at the mineral-water interfaces. However, the underlying mechanism of the facet-dependent hydration and the effect of hydration on contaminant adsorption are still ambiguous. Herein, arsenite [As(III)] adsorption on hydrated {001}, {100}, {101}, and {201} TiO₂ was explored by integrating multiple characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our macroscopic adsorption results show an As(III) adsorption density order of {201} > {100} > {101} > {001}, though As(III) on each facet formed a bidentate binuclear structure, as evidenced by the extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis. The in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy analysis identified distinctive surface hydroxyls on four-faceted TiO₂ upon water adsorption. The hydrated surface regulated the subsequent As(III) adsorption, giving an As(III) adsorption energy order of {201} (-0.95 eV) < {100} (-0.38 eV) < {101} (-0.005 eV) < {001} (0.04 eV) according to DFT calculations. The As(III) adsorption energy on hydrated facets was linearly correlated with the macroscopical As(III) adsorption density (R² = 0.99, p < 0.05), revealing that the impregnable water binding highly suppressed the exchange of As(III) molecules with adsorbed water. Our study provided a novel insight into the facet-dependent interfacial adsorption.