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Updated: Oct 9, 2025
A Revised Method for Inducing Secondary Lymphedema in the Hindlimb of Mice
Published on: November 2, 2019
Novel Quantification of Real-Time Lymphatic Clearance: Immediate Lymphatic Reconstruction in a Large-Animal Model
Anna Rose Johnson1, Marc-André Tétrault1, Miguel G Bravo1
1From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; and Gordon Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School.
Background:
The real-time quantification of lymphatic flow remains elusive. Efforts to provide a metric of direct lymphatic function are not clinically translatable and lack reproducibility. Early reports demonstrate the promise of immediate lymphatic reconstruction (immediate lymphovenous bypass after lymphadenectomy) to reduce the risk of lymphedema development. However, there remains a heightened need to appraise this technique in a clinically translatable large-animal model. The aim of the authors' experiment was to evaluate the role of molecular imaging in the quantification of real-time lymphatic flow after lymphadenectomy, and lymphadenectomy with lymphovenous bypass using novel fluorophores in a swine model.
Methods:
A lymphadenectomy or lymphadenectomy with subsequent lymphovenous bypass was performed in 10 female swine. After subdermal fluorophore injection, near-infrared molecular imaging of blood samples was used to evaluate change in lymphatic flow after lymphadenectomy versus after lymphadenectomy with lymphovenous bypass. Continuous imaging evaluating fluorescence of the superficial epigastric vein in the torso and adjacent skin was performed throughout all experiments. Findings between modalities were correlated.
Results:
The near-infrared dye signal in central and peripheral blood samples was often difficult to separate from background and proved challenging for reliable quantification. Venous and skin near-infrared imaging demonstrated a lymphatic clearance rate decrease of 70 percent after lymphadenectomy versus a decrease by only 30 percent after lymphadenectomy with immediate lymphovenous bypass.
Conclusions:
In this article, the authors describe a noninvasive, swine, large-animal model to quantify lymphatic clearance using skin imaging. The authors' findings were consistent with results yielded from real-time imaging of the vein. The authors believe this model may have important implications for eventual direct translation to the clinical setting.
