Blood compatibility evaluations of two-dimensional Ti₃C₂Tnanosheets

Two-dimensional nanomaterial Ti₃C₂Tis a novel biomaterial used for medical apparatus. For its application, biosafety serves as a prerequisite for their usein vivo. So far, no research has systematically reported how Ti₃C₂Tinteracts with various components in the blood. In this work, we evaluated the hemocompatibility of Ti₃C₂Tnanosheets which we prepared by HF etching. Effects of the concentration and size of Ti₃C₂Ton the morphology and hemolysis rate of human red blood cells (RBCs), the structure and conformation of plasma proteins, the complement activation, as well asin vitroblood coagulation were studied. In general, Ti₃C₂Ttakes on good blood compatibility, but in the case of high concentration (>30 μg ml^-1) and 'small size' (about 100 nm), it led to the rupture of RBCs membrane and a higher rate of hemolysis. Meanwhile, platelets and complement were inclined to be activated with the increased concentration, accompanying the changed configuration of plasma proteins dependent on concentration. Surprisingly, the presence of Ti₃C₂Tdid not significantly disrupt the coagulation.In vitrocell culture, the results prove that when the Ti₃C₂Tconcentration is as high as 60 μg ml^-1and still has good biological safety. By establishing a fuzzy mathematical model, it was proved that the hemocompatibility of Ti₃C₂Tis more concentration-dependent than size-dependent, and the hemolysis rate is the most sensitive to the size and concentration of the Ti₃C₂T. These findings provide insight into the potential use of Ti₃C₂Tas biofriendly nanocontainers for biomaterialsin vivo.