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Altruism01:03

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Inclusive Fitness00:57

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Evolutionary psychology explores the origins of human behavior and mental processes by framing them within the context of natural selection, a theory famously propounded by Charles Darwin. This field asserts that many behaviors common across human societies — ranging from instinctive fear reactions to complex social interactions — arose as evolutionary adaptations. These adaptations enhanced the survival and reproductive success of our ancestors, thereby becoming embedded in the...
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Altruism and Phenoptosis as Programs Supported by Evolution.

Gregory A Shilovsky1,2,3, Tatyana S Putyatina2, Alexander V Markov2,4

  • 1Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia. gregory_sh@list.ru.

Biochemistry. Biokhimiia
|December 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Phenoptosis, a programmed death, evolves as altruism, potentially aiding past pandemics but hindering current ones. This programmed death is linked to social structures and higher nervous activity in complex organisms.

Keywords:
adaptive deathagingaltruismcumulative fitnessevolutionpandemicphenoptosissociety

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Behavioral Ecology
  • Sociobiology

Background:

  • Phenoptosis, or programmed death, is an evolved altruistic mechanism.
  • It has implications for pandemic dynamics, acting as a past defense and present obstacle.
  • This phenomenon is linked to higher nervous activity and social hierarchies, particularly in eusocial species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evolutionary emergence of phenoptosis and altruism.
  • To understand the mechanisms behind these seemingly counterproductive programs.
  • To theoretically model the application of these concepts across different social organisms.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of evolutionary processes.
  • Development of mathematical models for altruism and programmed death.
  • Comparative study of social structures in various organisms.

Main Results:

  • Phenoptosis represents an extreme form of altruism, driven by social evolution.
  • Programmed death can be viewed mechanistically (predetermined responses) and adaptively (linked to sociality).
  • Mathematical models can elucidate the emergence of altruism and programmed death in social systems.

Conclusions:

  • Altruism's evolution, particularly in highly social species, can lead to phenoptosis.
  • Understanding programmed death offers insights into social behavior and adaptation.
  • The theoretical models have broad applicability, from insects to human societies.