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Rapid and simple lead service line detection screening protocol using water sampling.

Michael R Schock1, Darren A Lytle1, Ryan R James2

  • 1U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, CESER, WID, DWMB, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

AWWA Water Science
|December 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Identifying lead service lines (LSLs) is crucial for water safety. A simple flushed sampling method accurately predicted LSLs in areas with poor corrosion control, while sequential profile sampling improved accuracy in well-controlled systems.

Keywords:
drinking waterflush profileidentificationlead service linesequential profile

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Water Quality Management
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Water systems face challenges in identifying lead service lines (LSLs).
  • Accurate detection of LSLs is essential for mitigating lead exposure risks.
  • Corrosion control effectiveness varies, impacting lead leaching into drinking water.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of two sampling approaches for predicting lead service lines.
  • To compare a simple flushed sampling method with a more invasive sequential profile sampling method.
  • To determine the reliability of lead concentration thresholds in identifying LSLs across different corrosion control conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated a simple drinking water flushed sampling approach.
  • Employed a more complex sequential profile sampling approach.
  • Sampled homes with and without existing lead service lines in two communities with varying corrosion control.

Main Results:

  • The flushed sampling maximum lead concentration (FMC) accurately predicted 100% of LSL sites in a community with poor corrosion control and 60% in a community with good corrosion control.
  • The weighted average sequential profile lead concentration (WASLC) identified the remaining 40% of LSL sites missed by flushed sampling, achieving 100% accuracy.
  • WASLC and maximum sequential profile lead concentration demonstrated high reliability in identifying LSLs.

Conclusions:

  • Simple flushed sampling can be effective for lead service line detection, particularly in systems with poor corrosion control.
  • Sequential profile sampling significantly enhances the accuracy of lead service line identification, especially in systems with effective corrosion control.
  • Establishing community-specific lead level thresholds is vital for accurate LSL prediction using water sampling data.