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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Electrophoretic Crystallization of Ultrathin High-performance Metal-organic Framework Membranes
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One-Atom-Thick Crystals as Emerging Proton Sieves.

Yu Jiang1, Jiaojiao Ma1, Chongyang Yang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China.

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Two-dimensional crystals are surprisingly permeable to protons, challenging previous assumptions. This research explores proton transport mechanisms and applications in advanced separation technologies.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Two-dimensional (2D) crystals, including graphene and hexagonal boron nitride, were traditionally considered impermeable membranes.
  • Even small atoms like hydrogen were predicted to take billions of years to permeate these atomically thin materials.
  • Recent findings reveal high proton permeability in these 2D crystals, prompting a re-evaluation of transport mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental mechanisms of proton transport through 2D crystals.
  • To discuss the quantum effects influencing proton transport at room temperature.
  • To explore the potential applications of 2D membranes in separation technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of experimental and theoretical studies on proton transport in 2D materials.
  • Analysis of quantum mechanical phenomena relevant to proton permeation.
  • Examination of existing and proposed applications in separation science.

Main Results:

  • Proton transport through 2D crystals occurs via mechanisms not previously anticipated for impermeable materials.
  • Room-temperature quantum effects play a significant role in facilitating proton passage.
  • The permeability of 2D crystals to protons opens avenues for novel separation techniques.

Conclusions:

  • The perceived impermeability of 2D crystals is challenged by their high proton permeability.
  • Understanding proton transport in 2D materials is crucial for developing advanced membranes.
  • Applications include proton exchange membranes and hydrogen isotope separation, with design factors influencing permeation.