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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Regulatory long non-coding RNAs in root growth and development.

Thomas Roulé1,2, Martin Crespi1,2, Thomas Blein1,2

  • 1Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|December 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) fine-tune plant root growth and development. These regulatory RNAs are crucial for adapting root architecture to environmental stresses and nutrient availability, offering potential for crop improvement.

Keywords:
long non-coding RNAplant nutritionroot developmentroot growthstresses

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Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Gene regulation
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Plants utilize sophisticated gene regulation for environmental adaptation.
  • Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate gene expression transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally.
  • lncRNAs respond to environmental cues and developmental processes, fine-tuning plant responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of lncRNAs in controlling plant root growth and development.
  • To highlight lncRNA functions in primary root growth and lateral organ development (lateral roots, symbiotic nodules).
  • To discuss lncRNA involvement in stress response and nutrient homeostasis affecting root architecture.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on lncRNAs in plant roots.
  • Analysis of lncRNA regulatory mechanisms at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
  • Synthesis of findings on lncRNA roles in root development and environmental adaptation.

Main Results:

  • lncRNAs are key regulators of primary root elongation and lateral root/nodule formation.
  • lncRNAs mediate plant responses to abiotic/biotic stresses impacting root systems.
  • lncRNAs are involved in nutrient assimilation and homeostasis, modifying root architecture.

Conclusions:

  • lncRNAs play critical roles in root growth, development, and environmental adaptation.
  • Targeting lncRNAs offers a strategy for enhancing crop resilience and productivity.
  • lncRNAs represent promising targets for future plant breeding programs aiming for climate-resilient crops.