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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 9, 2025

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
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Capturing Pluripotency and Beyond.

Chih-Yu Yeh1, Wei-Han Huang1, Hung-Chi Chen1,2

  • 1Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.

Cells
|December 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can achieve expanded pluripotency, mimicking early embryo cells. Understanding these potency states in ESCs and epiblasts clarifies mammalian development.

Keywords:
embryo stem cell (ESC)embryonal carcinoma (EC)epiblastepiblast stem cell (EpiSC)extended/expanded potential stem cells (EPSCs)formative cell (FC)inner cell mass (ICM)pluripotencyprimitive endoderm (PrE)

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Cell lineage specification begins with pluripotent epiblasts in early embryos.
  • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro model the self-renewal and differentiation of epiblasts.
  • Totipotency and expanded pluripotency are key developmental states, with recent insights into their characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the acquisition of epiblast identity during embryogenesis.
  • To compare pluripotent fates and beyond in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and their in vivo counterparts.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying transitions between different stem cell potency states.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of mouse and human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs).
  • Review of recent studies on epiblast development and ESC properties.
  • Examination of molecular roadmaps governing potency state transitions.

Main Results:

  • A subset of ESCs exhibits expanded developmental potential, resembling two-cell embryo blastomeres (2CLCs).
  • Reprogramming ESCs generates expanded/extended pluripotent stem cells (EPSCs) with unique properties.
  • Molecular pathways driving potency state changes are increasingly understood.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding potency states in epiblasts and ESCs is crucial for deciphering mammalian development.
  • Comparing potency network components across species offers insights into developmental differences.
  • Recent findings advance the comprehension of stem cell plasticity and developmental potential.