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Related Concept Videos

Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 9, 2025

In Vivo Model for Testing Effect of Hypoxia on Tumor Metastasis
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Altertoxin II, a Highly Effective and Specific Compound against Ewing Sarcoma.

Andrew J Robles1,2,3, Wentao Dai4, Saikat Haldar4

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.

Cancers
|December 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Altertoxin II selectively targets Ewing sarcoma cells, causing DNA damage and halting cell cycle progression. This natural compound shows promising antitumor effects in vivo, indicating potential as a therapeutic drug lead.

Keywords:
Ewing sarcomadrug discoveryfungal secondary metabolitesnatural productssoil microbes

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Area of Science:

  • Natural product chemistry
  • Pediatric oncology
  • Molecular pharmacology

Background:

  • Pediatric solid tumors lack targeted therapies.
  • Natural products offer a source of novel anticancer agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Identify natural products with selective cytotoxicity against pediatric solid tumors.
  • Investigate the mechanism of action and therapeutic potential of identified compounds.

Main Methods:

  • High-throughput screening of natural products against pediatric cancer cell lines.
  • Mechanism of action studies including DNA damage assays and cell cycle analysis.
  • In vivo efficacy studies using xenograft models.

Main Results:

  • Altertoxin II demonstrated high potency and selectivity (25-fold) against Ewing sarcoma cell lines.
  • Altertoxin II induces DNA double-strand breaks and S-phase cell cycle arrest.
  • Antiproliferative effects are cell-cycle dependent and independent of direct DNA binding.
  • Altertoxin II showed dose-dependent antitumor efficacy in Ewing sarcoma xenografts.

Conclusions:

  • Altertoxin II is a potent and selective cytotoxin against Ewing sarcoma.
  • Its mechanism involves cell-cycle-dependent DNA damage.
  • Altertoxin II is a promising therapeutic drug lead for Ewing sarcoma and can help identify novel therapeutic targets.