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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
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A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic...
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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Scientists refer to the measure of randomness or disorder within a system as entropy. High entropy means high disorder and low energy. To better understand entropy, think of a student’s bedroom. If no energy or work were put into it, the room would quickly become messy. It would exist in a very disordered state, one of high entropy. Energy must be...
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Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
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Quantum Transport of Particles and Entropy.

Christoph Strunk1

  • 1Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, D-93025 Regensburg, Germany.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study unifies macroscopic thermodynamics and quantum transport by linking energy exchange to the flow of other quantities. It proposes using elementary quantum systems to model particle and entropy transport, revealing quantum interference in entropy flow.

Keywords:
quantum transportthermodynamicsthermoelectricitytransport equations

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Quantum Mechanics
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Macroscopic thermodynamics and quantum transport are typically studied separately.
  • Understanding the interplay between energy exchange and other conserved quantities in thermodynamic processes is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a unified framework for macroscopic thermodynamics and quantum transport.
  • To connect transport coefficients to thermodynamic susceptibilities and diffusion.
  • To explore the role of elementary quantum systems in describing particle and entropy transport.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of flows using a drift-diffusion model, incorporating thermoelectric effects.
  • Application of quantum statistics, proposing elementary Fermi- or Bose-systems as building blocks for quantum gases.
  • Derivation of particle and entropy transport for ballistic quantum wires and diffusive conductors.

Main Results:

  • Established a connection between transport coefficients, thermodynamic susceptibilities, and diffusion.
  • Demonstrated a concise derivation of particle and entropy transport using elementary quantum systems.
  • Observed quantum interference in entropy flow, analogous to electric current.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed framework successfully unifies macroscopic thermodynamics and quantum transport.
  • Elementary quantum systems provide an effective model for understanding quantum gas behavior.
  • Quantum interference effects are significant in entropy transport, mirroring phenomena in electrical transport.