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Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving01:27

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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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Highly Porous Expanded Graphite: Thermal Shock vs. Programmable Heating.

Alexander G Bannov1, Arina V Ukhina2, Evgenii A Maksimovskii3

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630092 Novosibirsk, Russia.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Programmable heating offers an efficient method for producing highly porous expanded graphite with a high surface area. This technique provides better control over material properties compared to thermal shock methods.

Keywords:
expanded graphitegraphiteheatingporositysurface areatextural characteristicsthermal analysisthermal shock

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Expanded graphite (EG) is a versatile material with numerous applications.
  • Traditional methods like thermal shock have limitations in controlling EG properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize highly porous expanded graphite using a programmable heating technique.
  • To compare the efficiency of programmable heating with thermal shock for EG production.
  • To investigate the impact of programmable heating on EG's textural properties and yield.

Main Methods:

  • Programmable heating of intercalated graphite at a constant rate (20 °C/min) from room temperature to 400-700 °C.
  • Characterization using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry.

Main Results:

  • Programmable heating at 400 °C yielded EG with a surface area of 699 m²/g, significantly higher than thermal shock (184 m²/g).
  • The programmable heating technique achieved a high EG yield of 78-90%.
  • This method demonstrated flexibility in managing textural properties, yield, disorder, and bulk density.

Conclusions:

  • Programmable heating is a superior method for producing highly porous expanded graphite.
  • The technique offers enhanced control over material characteristics and improved efficiency.
  • This advancement provides a pathway for tailored expanded graphite production.