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Related Concept Videos

What is Glycolysis?00:56

What is Glycolysis?

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Overview
Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts "food energy" (from the chemical bonds of macromolecules) into chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The first step of this tightly regulated and intricate process is glycolysis. The word glycolysis originates from the Latin glyco (sugar) and lysis (breakdown). Glycolysis serves two main intracellular functions: generating ATP and generating...
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Glycolysis01:23

Glycolysis

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Glycolysis, the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, is a central metabolic pathway involved in glucose catabolism. It is highly conserved across most organisms, reflecting its fundamental role in cellular energy production. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and can function both in the presence and absence of oxygen, making it versatile for various organisms and environmental conditions.Stages of GlycolysisGlycolysis is a ten-step pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating a net gain of...
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Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

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Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
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Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

Other Glycolytic Pathways

301
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
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Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase01:21

Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase

14.9K
In cellular metabolism (the complete breakdown of glucose to extract energy),  glycolysis is the first step. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport, where the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These...
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An Optimized Protocol to Analyze Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Respiration in Lymphocytes
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Glycolysis under Circadian Control.

Jana Zlacká1, Michal Zeman1

  • 1Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|December 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Highly proliferative cells utilize aerobic glycolysis, influenced by circadian rhythms. Targeting this metabolic pathway chronopharmacologically offers a novel therapeutic strategy for diseases linked to elevated glycolysis.

Keywords:
circadianclock genesglycolysismetabolic reprogrammingoxidative phosphorylation

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Metabolism
  • Chronobiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Glycolysis is a primary metabolic pathway in highly proliferative cells like cancer cells, providing rapid ATP and anabolic substrates.
  • Despite lower ATP yield per glucose molecule, aerobic glycolysis is favored over oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for faster energy production and support of proliferation.
  • Cellular metabolism, including glucose metabolism, is under significant circadian clock control, exhibiting distinct daily patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the circadian regulation of metabolic reprogramming and key glycolytic steps in activated, highly proliferative cells.
  • To explore the potential of targeting circadian metabolic reprogramming for therapeutic benefit.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on circadian control of glycolysis and metabolic reprogramming.
  • Analysis of the interplay between circadian clocks and glycolytic pathways in proliferative cells.

Main Results:

  • Circadian clocks exert strong control over metabolic processes, including glycolysis, which shows a distinct circadian rhythm.
  • Metabolic reprogramming in proliferative cells is influenced by these circadian rhythms.
  • Inhibiting metabolic reprogramming in a circadian-dependent manner may suppress aberrant glycolysis.

Conclusions:

  • Circadian regulation plays a crucial role in the metabolic reprogramming of highly proliferative cells.
  • A chronopharmacological approach, targeting glycolysis in a time-dependent manner, presents a promising strategy for treating diseases characterized by upregulated glycolysis.